Tuberculosis (TB), an infectious disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, remains a significant public health concern worldwide, particularly in developing countries like the Philippines. In 2019, the Philippines ranked fourth among countries with the highest TB burden.
Impact of TB on Businesses
TB poses a significant threat to businesses, affecting productivity, disrupting workflow, and causing economic losses due to worker absenteeism. The disease primarily strikes individuals in their prime working years, reducing their ability to contribute to the workforce and the overall economy.
Pathophysiology and Transmission of TB
TB primarily affects the lungs, but it can also spread to other parts of the body. The infection is transmitted through airborne particles produced by coughing, sneezing, or speaking of an infected person.
Risk Factors for Developing TB
Several factors increase the risk of developing TB, including:
- HIV infection: People with HIV are 18 times more likely to develop TB.
- Undernutrition: Malnutrition weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to TB.
- Alcohol use and tobacco smoking: These habits impair lung function and increase the risk of TB.
Symptoms of TB Disease
Early detection and treatment of TB are crucial for preventing severe complications and transmission. Common symptoms of TB disease include:
- Persistent cough lasting more than two weeks
- Fever, night sweats, or chills
- Back pain
- Unexplained weight loss
- Weakness or decreased appetite
- Hemoptysis (coughing up blood)
Workplace TB Control Activities
Employers play a vital role in preventing and controlling TB in the workplace by implementing the following measures:
- Identifying TB suspects: Regularly monitor employees for TB symptoms and conduct screening programs.
- Referring TB suspects for diagnosis: Promptly refer individuals with suspected TB to healthcare providers for proper diagnosis and treatment.
- Helping TB patients complete their treatment: Provide support and encouragement to TB patients to adhere to their treatment regimen and ensure they complete the full course of medication.
Screening Among Healthcare Workers
Healthcare workers are at increased risk of TB exposure due to their close contact with patients. Regular screening programs, including symptom surveillance and baseline chest X-rays, should be implemented to detect TB early among healthcare workers.
Diagnosis and Referral to Healthcare Services
Employers should establish a referral system to connect TB suspects with appropriate healthcare facilities for diagnosis and treatment. Collaboration with Direct Observed Treatment (DOT) facilities is crucial to ensure proper case management and adherence to treatment protocols.
Treatment for TB
TB treatment typically involves a combination of medications taken for six to twelve months, depending on the severity of the infection. Weight-based dosing is used to determine the appropriate medication regimen.
Environmental Controls
Improving ventilation and using air filtration systems can reduce the risk of airborne TB transmission in the workplace. Regular disinfection of shared spaces is also recommended.
Responsibilities of Employers and Employees
Employers and employees share responsibility for preventing and controlling TB in the workplace. Employers should provide education and training on TB prevention, while employees should practice universal precautions and preventive measures.
TB remains a significant public health challenge, particularly in the workplace. By implementing effective prevention and control strategies, employers and employees can work together to reduce the spread of TB and protect the health and productivity of the workforce.
